ABSTRACT
With the increasing understanding of the unique tumor microenvironment in the brain, immunotherapy have emerged as a new and promising treatment for brain metastases. Radiotherapy and immunotherapy have a synergistic effect, and it is of great value to understand its mechanism in the treatment of breast cancer brain metastases. At present, the study of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with radiotherapy in breast cancer brain metastases is being actively carried out, bringing new hope to patients with breast cancer brain metastases.
ABSTRACT
Parkinson′s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. While the etiology of PD is likely multifactorial, and the neuroinflammation is a significant component to the pathogenesis of the disease. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes are multiprotein innate immune complexes regulating inflammation. In the neuroinflammation of PD, the assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome complexes could recruit and activate the caspase-1. Activated caspase-1 cleaves the precursors of interleukin-1β as well as interleukin-18 to produce the downstream inflammatory cascade damaging the dopaminergic neuron. This review provides an overview of the recent studies concerning NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathophysiology of PD, and discusses potential therapeutic strategies to alleviate the progression of PD by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome.
ABSTRACT
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra.While the etiology of PD is likely multifactorial,and the neuroinflammation is a significant component to the pathogenesis of the disease.The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes are multiprotein innate immune complexes regulating inflammation.In the neuroinflammation of PD,the assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome complexes could recruit and activate the caspase-1.Activated caspase-1 cleaves the precursors of interleukin-1β as well as interleukin-18 to produce the downstream inflammatory cascade damaging the dopaminergic neuron.This review provides an overview of the recent studies concerning NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathophysiology of PD,and discusses potential therapeutic strategies to alleviate the progression of PD by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore genetic mutation and clinical treatment for a patient with globozoospermia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Histomorphology of the sperms was studied by Wright-Giemsa staining and transmission electron microscopy. Potential mutation of the DPY19L2 gene was detected by PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Wright-Giemsa staining showed that all spermatozoa from the patient were round-headed and lacked the acrosome, with the nuclei of sperm head stained in dark and full. Transmission electron microscopy revealed large round sperm heads, with an even layer of unit membrane surrounding the nuclei and dispersed cytoplasmic vacuoles but no acrosomal structure. The patient has harbored a homozygous deletion of the DPY19L2 gene. With intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment, fertilization rate of the oocytes has reached 28.6%, which resulted in a successful pregnancy. A healthy male was born.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The homozygous deletion of DPY19L2 probably underlies the globozoospermia in this case, for which ICSI has provided an effective treatment. However, there is still a risk of low oocyte fertilization rate or fertilization failure. Further studies are required.</p>